When we think about vehicle pollution, the focus often falls on engine emissions. But there’s another, less visible pollutant that’s becoming increasingly recognised for its environmental and health impact: brake dust.
Brake dust may not sound as harmful as exhaust gases, but studies have shown it’s a growing contributor to airborne particulate pollution, especially in urban environments. As vehicles become cleaner and quieter, non-exhaust emissions—including brake wear particles—are gaining attention from researchers, regulators, and manufacturers alike.
So what exactly is brake dust? Why does it matter? And what can be done to reduce it?
What Is Brake Dust?
Brake dust is made up of tiny particles released when the brake pads press against the disc (or rotor). These particles typically consist of:
- Iron and other metals (from the disc)
- Friction material from the brake pad
- Small amounts of carbon, copper, and other binding agents
These particles are fine enough to remain suspended in the air, especially during braking in stop-and-go traffic. Over time, brake dust settles onto roads, vehicles, and into waterways through runoff.
Why Is Brake Dust Harmful?
Brake dust doesn’t just dirty wheels—it contributes to:
- Air pollution: Fine brake particles (PM10 and smaller) can be inhaled, potentially affecting respiratory health, particularly in busy cities.
- Soil and water contamination: When washed off roads, brake dust may carry heavy metals into the environment.
- Vehicle and roadside wear: Dust build-up can cause cosmetic damage and even contribute to corrosion over time.
According to recent studies in Europe, non-exhaust sources like brake and tyre wear could account for up to 55% of PM emissions from road transport—a number expected to increase as internal combustion engines are replaced by electric drivetrains (which produce less exhaust but still rely on friction braking).
How Can We Reduce Brake Dust?
Reducing brake dust doesn’t mean compromising safety or performance. Manufacturers, workshops, and even drivers can all play a part. Here’s how:
1. Use Low-Dust or Eco-Friendly Brake Pads
Modern brake pads are now available in low-dust formulations, often using ceramic or non-metallic materials that generate fewer airborne particles. These pads are:
- Less abrasive on the disc
- More stable under heat
- Cleaner in terms of dust output
At AFI Brake, we are proud that our products have earned the “leaf mark”—indicating a commitment to cleaner materials and asbestos-free formulations. By investing in low-impact materials, we aim to support both road safety and environmental wellbeing.
2. Regular Vehicle Maintenance
Worn or misaligned brake components can cause excessive pad-disc contact, leading to faster wear and higher dust output. Regular servicing helps ensure:
- Brake pads wear evenly
- Callipers are functioning correctly
- Discs are not grooved or warped
Maintenance not only extends component life but also keeps dust levels down.
3. Encourage Smoother Driving Habits
Harsh, frequent braking creates more friction—and more dust. Driving with anticipation, maintaining safe distances, and using engine braking where possible all help reduce unnecessary brake wear.
For fleet operators, encouraging smoother driving through driver training programmes can reduce not only dust, but also fuel and maintenance costs.
4. Explore Regenerative Braking (for EVs)
Electric and hybrid vehicles often use regenerative braking, which recaptures energy instead of relying solely on friction. While traditional brakes are still necessary, regenerative systems reduce reliance on them—minimising dust generation over time.
Brake manufacturers are now also exploring friction materials specifically designed for EVs, as their braking patterns differ from conventional vehicles.
Brake dust may be less talked about than carbon emissions, but its impact on urban air quality and environmental health is undeniable. Fortunately, with thoughtful design, better materials, and smarter driving, it’s a challenge the industry can respond to.
At AFI Brake, we’re committed to delivering products that balance safety, performance, and environmental responsibility—because what comes off your brakes matters just as much as what helps you stop.
